Correlación entre dos metodologías para la medición de anticuerpos contra la proteína spike del coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave 2 / Correlation between two methodologies for the measurement of antibodies against the spike protein of coronavirus of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2

Resumen El coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) posee diversas proteínas estructurales que incluyen la proteína spike (S), principal blanco de las vacunas actuales. Existen diversas metodologías para la medición de anticuerpos contra ésta que brindan información acerca de la respuesta inmune frente a la vacunación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la correlación entre quimioluminiscencia (CLIA) y enzimoinmunoanálisis de adsorción (ELISA) para la medición de anticuerpos IgG anti-proteína S (IgG anti-S). Se recolectaron resultados serológicos de 169 individuos y se determinaron los niveles de anticuerpos por ambas metodologías. Del total de muestras, 106 arrojaron un resultado positivo por ambas metodologías y 15 resultaron discordantes (CLIA+, ELISA-), con índice Kappa de 0,80. La correlación entre ambas metodologías fue buena. Este estudio podría aportar al manejo y seguimiento de la población vacunada, con la finalidad de obtener un valor de corte para evaluar la aplicación de una dosis adicional.

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has several structural proteins including the spike (S) protein, which is the main target of current vaccines. There are various methodologies for the measurement of antibodies against it that provide information about the immune response to vaccination. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between chemiluminescence (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the measurement of IgG anti-S protein (IgG anti-S) antibodies. Serological results were collected from 169 individuals and antibody levels were determined by both methodologies. Out of the total samples, 106 were positive by both methodologies and 15 were discordant (CLIA+, ELISA-), with a Kappa index of 0.80. The correlation between both methodologies was good. This study could contribute to the management and follow-up of the vaccinated population, in order to obtain a cut-off value to evaluate the application of an additional dose.

Resumo O coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) possui várias proteínas estruturais, incluindo a proteína spike (S), principal alvo das vacinas atuais. Existem várias metodologias para medir anticorpos contra ela que fornecem informações sobre a resposta imune diante da vacinação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a correlação entre quimioluminescência (CLIA) e enzimoimunoanálise de absorção (ELISA) para a medição de anticorpos IgG anti-proteína S (IgG anti-S). Foram coletados resultados sorológicos de 169 indivíduos e os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados por ambas as metodologias. Do total de amostras, 106 deram resultados positivos nas duas metodologias e 15 foram discordantes (CLIA+, ELISA-), com índice Kappa de 0,80. A correlação entre as duas metodologias foi boa. Este estudo poderia contribuir para a gestão e seguimento da população vacinada, visando a obter um valor de corte para avaliar a aplicação de uma dose adicional.

Boletim Epidemiológico dos Casos de Covid-19 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro 2020 - 2021 / Epidemiological Bulletin of Covid-19 Cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro 2020 - 2021

Esta edição do boletim apresenta a análise do total de casos confirmados de COVID-19 de residentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro e suas nove regiões de saúde, incluindo os casos de Síndrome Gripal (SG) ou casos leves, as internações ou casos de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) e os óbitos, ocorridos desde o início da pandemia em 2020 até 26 de fevereiro de 2022 (8ª Semana Epidemiológica).

Perfil de internações e óbitos hospitalares por síndrome respiratória aguda grave causada por COVID-19 no Piauí: estudo descritivo, 2020-2021 / Perfil de ingresos y fallecimientos hospitalarios por síndrome respiratorio agudo grave por COVID-19 en Piauí, Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2020-2021 / Profile of hospital admissions and deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by COVID-19 in Piauí, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2020-2021

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil e a variação temporal de internações e óbitos hospitalares por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 no Piauí, Brasil, segundo local de internação. Métodos: Estudo descritivo sobre dados do Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe de 2020 a 2021. Calculou-se a letalidade entre registros hospitalares com desfecho e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Foram incluídos 12.649 indivíduos majoritariamente do sexo masculino (57,1%), negros (61,2%), com uma ou duas comorbidades (30,5%). No interior, entre registros hospitalares com desfecho, a letalidade para internados (44,1%; IC95% 42,0;46,3), admitidos em unidades de terapia intensiva (82,3%; IC95% 79,7;84,8) e indivíduos submetidos a ventilação mecânica invasiva (96,6%; IC95% 94,9;97,8) foi maior do que na capital do estado. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu a caracterização do perfil das internações devidas a SRAG por COVID-19 no Piauí e demonstrou elevada letalidade entre registros hospitalares com desfechos, mantendo-se alta no período estudado, sobretudo no interior.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil y variación temporal de los ingresos y fallecimientos hospitalarios por síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SRAG) causado por COVID-19 en Piauí, Brasil, según el lugar de ingreso. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo con datos del Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Gripe de 2020 a 2021. Se calculó la letalidad entre los registros hospitalarios con desenlace con intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: Se incluyeran 12.649 individuos que eran en su mayoría del sexo masculino (57,1%), negros (61,2%) y tenían una o dos comorbilidades (30,5%). La letalidad entre los registros hospitalarios con desenlace fue mayor en el interior, con proporciones de 44,1% (IC95% 42,0;46,3) en individuos hospitalizados, 82,3% (IC95% 79,7;84,8) en unidades de cuidados intensivos y 96,6% (IC95% 94,9;97,8) de los sometidos a ventilación mecánica invasiva. Conclusión: El estudio permitió caracterizar el perfil de hospitalizaciones por SRAG por COVID-19 en Piauí y mostró una alta letalidad entre los registros hospitalarios con desenlace, que se mantuvo alta durante el período de estudio, especialmente en el interior.

Objective: To describe the profile and temporal variation of hospital admissions and deaths due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by COVID-19 in Piauí, Brazil, according to place of hospitalization. Methods: We performed a descriptive study using data from the Influenza Surveillance Information System between 2020 and 2021. Case fatality ratio among hospital records with outcome and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Results: We included 12,649 individuals who were mostly male (57.1%), Black (61.2%) and had one or two comorbidities (30.5%). Case fatality ratio among hospital records with outcome was higher in the state's interior region than in its capital, with proportion of 44.1% (95%CI 42.0;46.3) for those who were hospitalized, 82.3% (95%CI 79.7;84.8) for those admitted to intensive care units and 96.6% (95%CI 94.9;97.8) for those undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: The study enabled characterization of the profile of SARS hospitalizations due to COVID-19 in Piauí and demonstrated high case fatality ratio, among hospital records with outcome, which remained high during the study period, especially in the interior of the state.

SARS-CoV-2-2019: emergência de uma pandemia / SARS-CoV-2-2019: emergence of a pandemic

A pandemia associada à emergência do vírus corona-2-2019 associado à síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) representa um desafio imposto ao ser humano e sua sociedade, de forma planetária, com repercussões ainda por serem determinadas em todos os níveis da relação biopsicossocial cultural-espiritual. Constitui-se em um dos desafios mais graves já vividos pela humanidade, e sinaliza para a ocorrência de outras emergências e reemergências de doenças, em situações similares e episódicas, e que expressam a vulnerabilidade e imponderabilidade humanas, e requer reflexão sobre o autoconhecimento e o respeito aos limites da sua dignidade e da natureza. Esta revisão constitui-se em esforço para resumir de forma simples e prática a quantidade de aspectos significativos ao conhecimento que se apresenta de forma avassaladora que acompanha a virologia, epidemiologia, clínica, diagnóstico, terapêutica e prevenção da doença pelo SARS-CoV-2, para que possa ser entendida e facilitada sua abordagem.

The pandemic associated with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 represents a challenge imposed on human beings and their society, on a planetary basis, with repercussions yet to be determined at all levels of the biopsychosocial cultural-spiritual relationship. It represents one of the most serious challenges humankind has ever experienced, and signals the occurrence of other emergencies and reemergence's of diseases, in similar and episodic situations, which express human vulnerability and weightlessness, and requires reflection on self-knowledge and respect for limits of their dignity. This review is an effort to summarize in a simple and practical way the amount of significant aspects to the knowledge that is presented in an overwhelming way that accompanies the virology, epidemiology, clinic, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of the disease by the SARS-CoV-2, so that its approach can be understood and facilitated.

Renal replacement therapy by the popliteal vein in a critical patient with COVID-19 in the prone position / Terapia renal substitutiva pela veia poplítea em paciente crítico com COVID-19 na posição de pronação

Abstract This patient was a 73-year-old man who initially came to our service with acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. Soon after hospitalization, he was submitted to orotracheal intubation and placed in the prone position to improve hypoxia, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On the third day of hospitalization, he developed acute oliguric kidney injury and volume overload. The nephrology service was activated to obtain deep venous access for renal replacement therapy (RRT). The patient could not be placed in the supine position due to significant hypoxemia. A 50-cm Permcath (MAHURKARTM, Covidien, Massachusetts, USA) was inserted through the left popliteal vein. This case report describes a possible challenging scenario that the interventional nephrologist may encounter when dealing with patients with COVID-19 with respiratory impairment in the prone position.

Resumo O paciente era um homem de 73 anos de idade que inicialmente veio ao nosso serviço com insuficiência respiratória aguda secundária à COVID-19. Logo após a internação, ele foi submetido à intubação orotraqueal e pronado para melhorar a hipóxia devido à síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS - do inglês "severe acute respiratory syndrome"). No terceiro dia de internação, o mesmo desenvolveu lesão renal aguda oligúrica e sobrecarga de volume. O serviço de nefrologia foi acionado para realizar acesso venoso profundo para terapia renal substitutiva (TRS). O paciente não pôde ser colocado na posição de decúbito dorsal devido a uma hipoxemia significativa. Um Permcath de 50 cm (MAHURKARTM, Covidien, Massachusetts, EUA) foi inserido através da veia poplítea esquerda. Este relato de caso descreve um possível cenário desafiador com o qual o nefrologista intervencionista pode se deparar ao lidar com pacientes com COVID-19 com problemas respiratórios e colocados em pronação.

Falta de evidencia de transmisión vertical y hallazgos histopatológicos en restos placentarios de pacientes con diagnóstico de Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo por Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) en Guatemala / Lack of evidence of vertical transmission and histopathological findings in placental remains of patients diagnosed with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome of Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Guatemala

El primer caso de infección por el virus SARS-CoV-2, fue reportado en la ciudad de Wuhan, China en diciem-bre de 2019. Desde entonces la enfermedad se ha dispersado a más de 188 países, confirmándose más de 53 millones de casos a nivel mundial. El 13 de marzo de 2020 se reportó el primer caso de COVID-19 en Guatemala y, a mediados del mes de noviembre, se han reportado más de 116,000 casos, 4,000 fallecidos y 106,000 recu-perados; con una tasa de mortalidad de 23 por cada 100,000 habitantes y una letalidad del 3.4%. Hasta ahora, la literatura científica disponible abarca ciertos aspectos de salud reproductiva, mientras se continúa recopilando más información que permita conocer más de su impacto real durante el proceso infeccioso y las secuelas derivadas de éste. La presente es una revisión histopatológica de restos placentarios de tres mujeres con resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2, ingresadas en un hospital privado de la Ciudad de Guatemala. El examen histopatológico del tejido placentario aporta información importante sobre la salud de la madre y del feto. Todos los casos revelaron signos macroscópicos y microscópicos de disfunción placentaria por mala perfusión vascular materna, con for-mación de infartos hemorrágicos y daño placentario asociado con efectos adversos en el embarazo. Agregando a esto, dos neonatos presentaron un resultado negativo para SARS-CoV-2 y uno falleció. Es de suma importancia el estudio de la placenta de madres positivas a SARS-CoV-2 para conocer el rol de esta durante el embarazo y también, indagar en la posibilidad de transmisión vertical.

The first infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was reported in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since then, the disease has spread to more than 188 countries and territories, confirming more than 53 million cases worldwide. On March 13th 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Guatemala and by the middle of November, more than 116,000 cases have been reported, 4,000 deaths and 106,000 recovered; with a mortality rate of 23 per 100,000 inhabitants and a fatality of 3.4%. Until now, the available scientific literature covers certain aspects of reproductive health, whilst more information continues to be collected that allows us to know more about its real impact on the human body during the infectious process and the consequences derived from it. This is a histopathological report of placental tissue obtained from three women with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2, admitted to a private hospital in Guatemala City. Added to this, the histopathological examination of placental tissue obtained, provides important information about the health of the mother and fetus. All cases revealed macroscopic and microscopic signs of placental dysfunction due to poor maternal vascular perfusion, with evidence of hemorrhagic infarcts and placental damage that is associated with adverse effects in pregnancy. In addition, two newborns had a negative result for SARS-CoV-2 and one newborn died. The study of the placenta of newborns of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers is of utmost importance to understand its role during pregnancy and also, investigate the possibility of vertical transmission..

Consideraciones para pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 / Considerations for patients with cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic

La enfermedad infecciosa causada por el nuevo coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), produce un síndrome respiratorio agudo con implicaciones significativas en el sistema cardiovascular tanto en los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular preexistente (ECV), que poseen un riesgo de empeoramiento de su enfermedad y muerte, como en los que la infección se ha asociado con múltiples complicaciones directas e indirectas cardiovasculares. Las complicaciones cardiovasculares asociadas con más frecuencia a esta entidad incluyen lesión aguda del miocardio, miocarditis, síndromes coronarios agudos, arritmias y tromboembolismo venoso. Por otra parte, las terapias empleadas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad por COVID-19 pueden tener interacciones medicamentosas con los fármacos cardiovasculares ensombreciendo el pronóstico de los pacientes. El artículo resalta las distintas recomendaciones expuestas por expertos en la literatura médica respecto a las complicaciones cardiovasculares relacionadas con el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19)(AU)

The infectious disease caused by the new coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), produces an acute respiratory syndrome with significant implications for the cardiovascular system both in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), who have a risk of worsening their disease and death, such as those in which the infection has been associated with multiple direct and indirect cardiovascular complications. The cardiovascular complications most frequently associated with this entity include acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. Furthermore, the therapies used to treat COVID-19 disease may have drug interactions with cardiovascular drugs, darkening the prognosis of the patients. The present work attempts to highlight the different recommendations made by experts in the medical literature regarding cardiovascular complications related to the new coronavirus (COVID-19)(AU)

COVID-19 una perspectiva desde el punto de vista endocrinológico / COVID-19, A perspective from the endocrinological point of view

A fines de diciembre de 2019, la OMS fue notificada de un grupo inusual de casos de neumonía en Wuhan, China. La enfermedad, más tarde denominada COVID-19, se propagó rápidamente más allá de las fronteras de China, y los primeros casos en Europa se registraron el 25 de enero de 2020. (1) Investigaciones posteriores identificaron un nuevo beta-coronavirus ahora designado como coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS- CoV-2)(2). Actualmente, no hay opciones de tratamiento antiviral con eficacia comprobada, pero varios ensayos controlados aleatorios están investigando agentes como la hidroxicloroquina, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir y remdesivir. Hasta la fecha, los datos sobre COVID-19 en niños y adolescentes siguen siendo escasos, a pesar de que el número de casos confirmados de COVID-19 ahora supera los 16 millones a nivel mundial.(3) Además, los documentos existentes de China contienen muy pocos datos clínicos sobre niños, y la mayoría carece de detalles sobre Medidas de apoyo requeridas por niños con COVID-19. Del mismo modo, los informes epidemiológicos recientes de Europa y América del Norte contienen poca información clínicamente relevante. (4) Determinar el nivel de apoyo requerido por los niños es esencial para la planificación del servicio pediátrico durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en curso...(AU)

Especificaciones técnicas de dispositivos médicos para la gestión de casos de COVID-19 en los servicios de salud. Recomendaciones interinas, 3 marzo 2020 / Technical specifications of medical devices for the case management of COVID-19 in healthcare settings. Interim recommendations, 3 March 2020

En diciembre de 2019 , un nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) fue identificado como el agente etiológico de neumonía (COVID-19) en personas expuestas a un mercado de mariscos en Wuhan, China.* • Existen varias incertidumbres respecto a la historia natural de la enfermedad por el 2019-nCoV, incluyendo fuente(s), los mecanismos de transmisión, la capacidad de diseminación del virus, y la persistencia del virus en el ambiente y fómites. El 17 de febrero de 2020, el Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de China publicó un estudio con 72,314 casos registrados, de los cuales 44,672 (62%) fueron confirmados para SARS-CoV-2. Entre los casos confirmados, el 31,2% tenía más de 60 años y representaba 81% del total de las muertes. La tasa global de letalidad fue del 2,3%. Las comorbilidades más prevalentes fueron hipertensión, diabetes y enfermedades cardiovasculares. El espectro de la enfermedad se distribuyó en 81% de casos leves (casos de no-neumonía y neumonía leve), 14% de casos graves (disnea, frecuencia respiratoria mayor que 30/min, saturación de oxígeno en sangre menor a 93%, relación PaO2/FiO2 menor a 300, y/o infiltrados pulmonares mayor que 50% en un plazo de 24­48 horas), y 5% de pacientes en estado crítico, con insuficiencia respiratoria, shock séptico y/o disfunción o fallo multiorgánico.† • La implementación de terapias de apoyo oportunas, eficaces y seguras (oxígeno, antibióticos, hidratación y alivio de la fiebre/dolor) es la piedra angular de la terapia para los pacientes que desarrollan manifestaciones graves de COVID-19.‡ • Hasta el momento, no existe un tratamiento específico como antivirales para COVID-19. Han habido informes anecdóticos sobre el uso de estos agentes; sin embargo, su eficacia y seguridad aún no se han determinado.

• In December 2019 a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent of pneumonia (COVID-19) among people exposed to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. • There are gaps in the knowledge about the natural history of COVID-19, including viral shedding, reservoirs and patterns of transmission. On February 17, 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention published a study with 72,314 recorded cases, of which 44,672 (62%) were confirmed for COVID-19. Among the confirmed cases, 31.2% were over 60 years of age and accounted for 81% of the total deaths. The overall case-fatality rate was 2.3%. The most prevalent comorbid conditions were hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The spectrum of disease included 81% of mild cases (non-pneumonia and mild pneumonia cases), 14% severe (dyspnea, respiratory frequency higher than ≥) 30/min, blood oxygen saturation lesser than ≤ 93%, PaO2/FiO2 ratio lesser than ≤ 300, and/or lung infiltrates > 50% within 24­48 hours), and 5% of critically ill patients, with respiratory failure, septic shock, and/or multiple organ dysfunction or failure. • The implementation of timely, effective, and safe supportive therapies (oxygen, antibiotics, hydration & fever/pain relief) is the cornerstone of therapy for patients that develop severe manifestations of COVID-19.• At the moment, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19, such as antivirals. There have been anecdotal reports on the use of these agents; however, its efficacy and safety are yet to be determined. The medical devices listed in this document provide minimum standards and technical description and specifications of medical devices for supportive treatment of COVID-19. • These medical devices are not limited, and to be adaptable to all countries in the region irrespective of their different health care systems and socioeconomic disparities. In addition, they are recommended for: o Early supportive therapy and monitoring of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) when COVID-19 infection is suspected; o Management of hypoxemic respiratory failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients; o Management of septic shock in COVID-19 patients.

Infecção pelo vírus Influenza pandêmico (H1N1) 2009 / Infection by the Influenza virus pandêmico (H1N1) 2009

Apresenta-se abordagem da infecção pelo vírus Influenza pandêmico (H1N1) 2009 como fonte de consulta para organização de sistemas de atendimento em vários níveis de atenção à saúde.

This is the approach of the pandemic influenza virus infection (H1N1) 2009 as a consulting resource to the organization of care systems at various levels of health care.

Lymphopenia in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a summary on its frequency.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new human infectious disease caused by coronavirus. The first world outbreak occurs in 2002, starting from China and then thorough many countries. Abnormal hematological variables were common among patients with SARS. Concerning lymphocyte disorder, there were some previous studies reported the low lymphocyte in the patients with SARS. Here, the author performs a further analysis to document the frequency of the lymphopenia in SARS by the way of metanalysis study. Five available reports concerning the prevalence of lymphopenia in SARS among different populations were selected for further analysis in this study. Overall 637 SARS patients were retrospectively analyzed and 492 cases presented lymphopenia. According to this study, the overall prevalence rate of lymphopenia in SARS is 77.2 %. No significant correlation between the population ethnicity and the prevalence rate was detected in this study (P > 0.05). Here, the lymphopenia can be documented as an important characteristic of blood picture in the patients with SARS or it can indicate that "SARS is a viral-induced lymphopenia disease".